专四语法总结.doc

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一、时态、语态
时态、语态需要掌握的重点:
表达未来时的形式:
在时间、条件、退步从句中,一般此刻时取代未来时,但要注意差异从句的种类,如:
I’lltellhimwhenyouwillringagain.

我告诉他你什么时候再来电
话。(宾语从句)
比较:I’lltellhimwhenyouringagain.

你再打电话时我告诉他。

(状
语从句)
(2)在makesure,makecertain,see(toit)

后的that

从句中,谓语动
词用一般此刻时取代未来时,如:
Seetoit

thatyouinclude

inthepaperwhateverquestions

theydidn’t
knowtheanswertolasttime.
(include

不可以用willinclude

或其余形式

)
达成时是时态测试的重点,注意与达成时连用的句型和时间状语:
(1)by/between/upto/till+过去时间、since、bythetime/when+表示
过去发生状况的从句,主句用过去达成时。如:Wehadjusthadourbreakfast
whenanoldmancametothedoor.
Between1897and1919atleast

29motionpictures

inwhichartificial
beingswereportrayedhadbeenproduced.
(表示1919年时已发生的状况)
(2)by+未来时间、bythetime/when+

谓语动词是一般此刻时的从句,
主句用未来达成时。如:
BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,wewillhavestayedinEuropefortwoweeks.
Ihopeherhealthwillhaveimprovedgreatlybythetimewecomeback
nextyear.
(3)bynow、since+过去时间、in/during/for/over/thepast/lastfew(或
详细数字)years/days/months,主句用此刻达成时,但在itis+详细时间
since/before这一句型中,主句更多的时候不用达成时。如:
Thechangesthathadtakenplaceinairtravelduringthelastsixty
yearswouldhaveseemedcompletelyimpossibletoeventhemostbrilliant
scientistsattheturnofthe19thcentury.
ItisfouryearssinceJohnleftschool.
在Itisthe+序数词/形容词最高等+that的定语从句中,谓语动词常用此刻达成时。如:
Itisn’tthefirsttimethatIhavefoundmyselfinanembarrassingsituation.
(5)在nosoonerthan,hardly/scarcelywhen句型中,主句常用过去达成时。
达成进行时指动作在达成时的基础上还要连续下去。如:
Thecompanyhasbeenpromisingariseinsalaryforages,but
nothinghashappened.
时态、语态答题思路:
先依据选项的差异点确立考题重点为时态,而后回到题句中找寻给出的或示意的时间状语,减小选择范围,从而选出正确答案;
依据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,确立句子是主动语态仍是被动语态。
二、不定式
不定式做主语
指引逻辑主语的介词:不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for指引,但以下表示人的性格行为特色的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语则由of指引:
absurd,bold,brave,courageous,careful,careless,clever,wise,
foolish,silly,stupid,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,considerate,greedy,generous,honest,modest,polite,rude,cruel,selfish,lazy,wicked,wrong。如:
Expertssaywalkingisoneofthebestwaysforapersontostayhealthy.
It’scleverofyoutohaveinventedsuchadevice.
不定式做主语补足语:
掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间,
并采纳相应形式。如:
besaid/reported/thought/believed/known/supposed+todo
sth.
不定式做宾语
掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词:
afford,arrange,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,
guarantee,endeavor,intend,pledge,pretend,resolve,request,swear,tend,venture。如:
Eventhoughthechildrenpretendedtobeasleep,thenurseswerenotdeceivedwhentheycameintotheroom.

(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高等或next,last,only,nota,
the,very等限制词时,该名词用不定式做定语。如:thefirstwomantoset
footonthemoon第一个登上月球的女性
假如其动词要求不定式做宾语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如:
tendencytodo→tendtodo,decisiontodo→decidetodoThisbookisanattempttohelpyouuseEnglishandrecognizehowit
isused.
假如其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定
语。如:
ambitiontodo“干的壮心”→beambitioustodo“有壮心干”
curiosity

todo“对的好奇心”→becurioustodo“对好奇”
abilitytodo

“做的能力”→

abletodo

“有能力做”
Accordingto

Darwin,

randomchangesthat

enhanceaspecies

’

ability
tosurvive

arenaturally

selected

andpassedontosucceeding

generation.
表示方式、原由、时间、时机、权益等名词用不定式做定语,这些名词
包含:
way,method,reason,time,place,chance,occasion,opportunity,
evidence,power,right,movement,drive(运动),effortsolateintheofficelastnightthatIhardlyhadtimebus.

等。如:Iworkedtocatchthelast
Weappreciateyoureffortstobringaboutacomprehensivesolution
totheexistingproblem.
(5)不定代词something,nothing,little,much,alot****惯上用不定式
做定语。如:
Thoughwehavemadegreat

progress,

there

is

still

muchtobeimproved.
不定式做状语
不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。
(1)inorderto(do),soasto(do)构造指引目的状语,

soasto

不可以置
于句首。如:
(2)soasto,suchasto,enoughto,tooto构造做程度状语。如:
Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don’thavesmallchildrenandgetalongwellenoughtospendmostoftheirtimetogether.
ThevocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishandAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardlytobenoticed.
不定式做结果状语只好出此刻句子的末端,表示不快乐的结果,有时用only增强语气。
常有的不定式动词有find,hear,see,betold,form,give,make,produce等。如:
Greatlyagitated,Irushedtotheapartmentandtriedthedoor,only
tofinditlocked.
(4)not/nevertooto,toonotto,but/onlytooto,too
ready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示必定意义。如:
,
我太快乐了。
三、动名词
一定接动名词做宾语的动词
切记以下要求接动名词做宾语的动词:
acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,
consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,
forgive,imagine,involve,justify,mention,pardon,practice,postpone,
recall,recollect,risk,resist,suggest,tolerate。如:
Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.
动名词做介词短语
考生特别要辨别以下短语中的to是介词,不是不定式符号:
objectto,resortto,reactto,contributeto,lookforwardto,be
accustomedto,becommittedto,beexposedto,besubjectedto,bedevoted
to,bededicatedto,beopposedto,bereconciledto,becontraryto,be
(get)usedto,comecloseto,getdownto,giveoneselfupto,preferto,
seeto,setto,taketo,inadditionto,withregardto,withaviewto,
onthewayto。如:
四、分词
分词起形容词和副词的作用,在句中做定语或状语。在看法上应清楚:
●此刻分词表示主动,表示动作在进行。
●过去分词表示被动,表示动作结束了的状态或结果。
分词做定语,弄清此刻分词与过去分词的差异
分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句,考生应掌握:
(1)此刻分词与被修饰词之间拥有主动意义。如:
It’seasytoblamethedeclineofconversationonthepaceofmodern
lifeandonthevaguechangestakingplaceinourever-increasing
world.(相当于thechangeswhichtakeplace...)
TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthat
IreadrecentlygivingwhathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmerican
characteristic.(相当于whichgave...)
Howmanyofusattending,say,ameetingthatisirrelevanttouswould
beinterestedinthediscussion?
(相当于Howmanyofuswhowillattend...)
过去分词与被修饰词之间拥有被动意义。如:
Goodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritish
recaptureoftheportannouncedhalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.(相当于recaptureoftheportwhichhadbeenannounced)Justasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnewphoneaddedtothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewith
eachprogramthatturnsout.(相当于eachnewphonewhichisaddedto)Theauthorgaveadetaileddescriptionbasedonhispersonal
observationofnature.
(相当于descriptionwhichwasbasedon)
以下不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不拥有被动意义:
deceased,departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,
returned,risen,set,vanished,much-travelled,newlyarrived,recently
come。如:
anescapedprisoner一个逃犯aretiredworker一位退歇工人
afadedcurtain一个褪了色的窗帘anewlyarrivedstudent一个新来
的学生
分词做状语,注意划分分词的一般式与达成式
表示时间,多置于句首,注意假如分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词,要用达成式。如:
Havingcompletedonetask,westartedonanotherone.(complete先于start从前发生)
表示原由,置于句首句尾均可,依据状况有时要用达成式,有时用一般
式。如:
Hewasn’taskedtotakeonthechairmanshipofthesociety,beingconsideredinsufficientlypopularwithallmembers.
Thereseemedlittlehopethattheexplorer,havingbeendesertedinthetropicalforest,wouldfindhiswaythroughit.
(3)表示陪伴、方式,置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如:
Helenborrowedmydictionarytheotherdaysayingthatshewould
returnitsoon.
Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,completelylosttothe
outsideworld.
(4)表示结果,置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如:Thecityfounditselfin
acrisissituationlastsummerwhentheairconditioningondozensofthe
newbusesbrokedown,themunusable.
表示增补说明(同位),置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如:Thearticleopensandcloseswithdescriptionsoftwonewsreports,eachmakingonemajor
pointincontrastwiththeother.
Fordtrieddividingthelabor,eachworkerassignedaseparatetask.
分词的独立主格构造
分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,不然分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语,称为分词独立主格构造。分词独立主格构造不过句子的一个部分。如:
Allflightshavingbeencanceledbecauseofthesnowstorm,wedecidedtotakethetrain.
Darknesssettingin,theyoungcouplelingeredonmerrymaking.
五、非谓语动词的其余考点
接不定式或动名词做宾语都能够,但在乎思上有区其余动词的用法
meantodo想要(做某事)proposetodo打算(做某事)
meandoing意味(做某事)proposedoing建议(做某事)
forgettodo忘掉(要做的事)remembertodo记得(要做某事)
forgetdoing忘掉(已做的事)rememberdoing记得(已做过的事)
goontodo既而(做另一件事)stoptodo停下往来做另一件事
goondoing连续(做本来的事)stopdoing停止正在做的事
regrettodo(对将要做的事)遗憾regretdoing(对已做过的事)懊悔
不定式的********用法句型:
cannothelpbutdocannotbutdo
cannotchoosebutdocandonothingbutdo
havenochoice/alternativebuttodo
上述句型的意思靠近,即“不得不做”、“不由做”、“身不由己地做”、
“不可以不做”、“只好做”。如:
Nobodycanhelpbutbefascinatedbytheworldintowhichheistakenbythesciencefiction.
WhenIconsiderhowtalentedheisasapainter,Icannothelpbutbelievethatthepublicwillappreciatehisgift.
动名词的********用法句型:
bebusy/
sth.
It’snogood/use/
timedoingsth.
spend/
point/sense/harm/usedoingsth.

doingsth.
Iknowitisn’timportantbutIcan’thelpthinkingaboutit.
Alicewashavingtroublecontrollingthechildrenbecausetherewere
somanyofthem.
Thereisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.
be非谓语动词的用法
做宾语时取决于谓语动词的连续要求。如:
Thestudentsexpectedtheretobemorereviewingclassesbeforethe
finalexams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)
(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用fortheretobe,做其余状语用there
being。如:
Fortheretobesuccessfulcommunication,theremustbeattentiveness
andinvolvementinthediscussionitselfbyallpresent.(forthere
tobe在句中做目的状语)
Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleave
Jim’scaroutquitesafely.(fortheretobe在句中做程度状语)
Therebeingnofurtherquestions,we’llstopheretoday.(there
being做原由状语)
指引主语用fortheretobe。如:Itisunusualfortheretobenolatecomerstoday.
做除for外的介词宾语,用therebeing。如:
Hewouldalwaysignorethefactoftherebeingsuchacontradictioninhisinnerthought.
六、虚构语气
主从句谓语动词的时态
掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:主句从句
与此刻事实相反would/神态动词过去式+dowere(不分人称)/did
与过去事实相反would/神态动词过去式+havedonehaddone
与未来事实相反would/神态动词过去式+doshoulddo/weretodo
如:Ifthedoctorhadbeenavailable,thechildcouldnothavedied.
Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,shouldtherebeasuddenloudnoise.
划分主从句表示的不同时间看法:
主从句谓语动词所指时间不同,这叫做错综时间条件句,动词形式应依据实质状况来调整。如:
Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.
(主句与此刻事实相反,从句与过去事实相反)
HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.
(主句与此刻事实相反,从句与过去事实相反)
辨别事实和假定混淆句:
Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-up
examinationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthe
time.(句子前半部分为假定状况,而“父亲母亲病了”是事实)
Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatall
possible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(
假定,后半部分是事实)


前半部分为
名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚构。考生应熟****br/>(1)以下动词做谓语时,that宾语从句中的动词用虚构形式:
desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,
request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote

。
如:
Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.
Imovethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.
以下形容词和分词做表语或补语时,that主语从句中动词用虚构形式:
advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,
commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,
required,suggested。如:
Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.
以下名词接同位语从句或表语从句时,从句中动词用虚构形式:insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,
desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,
rule,resolution,understanding。如:
JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyof
Afro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,
aswellasworldly,frameofreference.
Theykeeptellingusitisofutmostimportancethatour
representativebesenttotheconferenceonschedule.
委宛虚构条件句的谓语动词形式
委宛虚构语气是指假定条件不经过
考生应熟****br/>(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse

if

从句表达,而是暗含在其余构造中。
;副词otherwise,unfortunately
等表示转折假定。如:
Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotential
,itwasneverdone.
Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehe
wouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.
(2)介词短语暗含假定条件,常用的有:without,butfor,undermore
favorableconditions等。如:
ButfortheEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlast
Sunday.
(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were+不定式达成式或
hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished
+不定式一般式示意虚构语气。如:Iintendedtohavecalledonyou,but
Iwasbusyatthattime.
(4)神态动词达成式示意虚构语气。如:Ishouldhavecalledtomakean
airlinereservation,butIdidn’t.
常用虚构形式的句型
从句中动词用过去式或过去达成式表示虚构的句型:
wouldratherwouldassoonasthoughsuppose
hadratherwouldsoonerasifsupposing
IfonlyItis(high)timethat(从句中动词只用过去式)
如:Hiswifewouldrathertheydidn’ttalkaboutthematteranymore.
I’dratheryouwentbytrain,becauseIcan’tbeartheideaofyour
beinginanairplaneinsuchba